Tuesday, October 11, 2016

Atonement in the Old Testament: A Word Study

Atonement in the Old Testament
A Word Study

1.     Kaphar

Meaning: 1) TWOT - make an atonement, make reconciliation, purge. 2) Holladay – spread over; piel – appease, make amends; pual – be removed, atoned for; hitp – allow for atonement; nitp – be atoned for. 3) TLOT – to atone. 4) VINE’S – to cover over, atone, propitiate, pacify. 5) NIDOTTE – qal - cover, paint, smear; piel – atone, appease, make amends; pu – be atoned, appeased; hitp – be atoned for; nitp – be atoned, appeased. 6) BDB - cover over, pacify, propitiate; pacify the wrath of a king (e.g. by a gift). 2. cover over, atone for sin, without sacrifice.

Origin: Stem – TWOT – 1023; NIDOTTE – 4105/4106
etymology – Akk. “to uproot, wipe away”, Arab. “to cover, hide”

Usage: atonement (112); atonement-money (1); expiation (9); atonements (6); atone (8); forgiven (61); mercy seat (24); propitiation (4); ransom (46)
KJV – purged; RSV, NASB, TEV – forgiven; NEB – wiped away; NET – removed; NIV – taken away; ESV – atoned for
92x piel - Lev 49x, Num 15x, Ex 7x, Ezek 6x; 7x pual – Is 4x, 1x hitp – 1 Sam 3:14; 1x nipt – Deut 21:8; misc – other forms appear throughout OT with a ration of 1:10 pre-exilic to post-exilic passages. 101.

Definition: to set forth an object for the purpose of receiving judgment for sin for the sake of the one who has sinned ending in reconciliation with the one sinned against.

Application: 1) God is the one who provides for the atonement. 2) God is the one who must be satisfied with the atonement. 3) God is satisfied with the atoning work of Christ. 4) Atonement is in the interest of the community and the individual. 5) Guilt is removed because of Christ’s perfect atoning work.

Atonement in Scriptural Context:

Atonement (112 Occurrences)
Romans 3:25 whom God set forth to be an atoning sacrifice, through faith in his blood, for a demonstration of his righteousness through the passing over of prior sins, in God's forbearance;
(See NIV)
Romans 5:11 And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement.
(KJV WBS)
Hebrews 2:17 Therefore he was obligated in all things to be made like his brothers, that he might become a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make atonement for the sins of the people.
(WEB NIV)
Hebrews 9:5 and above it cherubim of glory overshadowing the mercy seat, of which things we can't speak now in detail.
(See NIV)
Hebrews 9:15 And because of this He is the negotiator of a new Covenant, in order that, since a life has been given in atonement for the offences committed under the first Covenant, those who have been called may receive the eternal inheritance which has been promised to them.
(WEY)
Exodus 21:30 If atonement is laid upon him, then he hath given the ransom of his life, according to all that is laid upon him;
(YLT)
Exodus 29:33 They shall eat those things with which atonement was made, to consecrate and sanctify them: but a stranger shall not eat of it, because they are holy.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 29:36 Every day you shall offer the bull of sin offering for atonement: and you shall cleanse the altar, when you make atonement for it; and you shall anoint it, to sanctify it.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 29:37 Seven days you shall make atonement for the altar, and sanctify it: and the altar shall be most holy; whatever touches the altar shall be holy.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 30:6 You shall put it before the veil that is by the ark of the testimony, before the mercy seat that is over the testimony, where I will meet with you.
(See NIV)
Exodus 30:10 Aaron shall make atonement on its horns once in the year; with the blood of the sin offering of atonement once in the year he shall make atonement for it throughout your generations. It is most holy to Yahweh."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 30:12 When thou takest up the sum of the sons of Israel for their numbers, then they have given each an atonement 'for' his soul to Jehovah in their being numbered, and there is no plague among them in their being numbered.
(YLT)
Exodus 30:15 The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less, than the half shekel, when they give the offering of Yahweh, to make atonement for your souls.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)
Exodus 30:16 You shall take the atonement money from the children of Israel, and shall appoint it for the service of the Tent of Meeting; that it may be a memorial for the children of Israel before Yahweh, to make atonement for your souls."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 31:7 the Tent of Meeting, the ark of the testimony, the mercy seat that is on it, all the furniture of the Tent,
(See NIV)
Exodus 32:30 It happened on the next day, that Moses said to the people, "You have sinned a great sin. Now I will go up to Yahweh. Perhaps I shall make atonement for your sin."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 35:12 the ark, and its poles, the mercy seat, the veil of the screen;
(See NIV)
Exodus 39:35 the ark of the testimony with its poles, the mercy seat,
(See NIV)
Exodus 40:20 He took and put the testimony into the ark, and set the poles on the ark, and put the mercy seat above on the ark.
(See NIV)
Leviticus 1:4 He shall lay his hand on the head of the burnt offering, and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 4:20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 4:26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 4:31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 4:35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 5:6 and he shall bring his trespass offering to Yahweh for his sin which he has sinned, a female from the flock, a lamb or a goat, for a sin offering; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 5:10 He shall offer the second for a burnt offering, according to the ordinance; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin which he has sinned, and he shall be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 5:13 The priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned in any of these things, and he will be forgiven; and the rest shall be the priest's, as the meal offering.'"
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 5:16 He shall make restitution for that which he has done wrong in the holy thing, and shall add a fifth part to it, and give it to the priest; and the priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering, and he will be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 5:18 He shall bring a ram without blemish from of the flock, according to your estimation, for a trespass offering, to the priest; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning the thing in which he sinned and didn't know it, and he will be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 6:7 The priest shall make atonement for him before Yahweh, and he will be forgiven concerning whatever he does to become guilty."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 6:26 The priest who is making atonement with it doth eat it, in the holy place it is eaten, in the court of the tent of meeting;
(YLT)
Leviticus 6:30 No sin offering, of which any of the blood is brought into the Tent of Meeting to make atonement in the Holy Place, shall be eaten: it shall be burned with fire.
(WEB JPS ASV DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 7:7 "'As is the sin offering, so is the trespass offering; there is one law for them. The priest who makes atonement with them shall have it.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 8:15 He killed it; and Moses took the blood, and put it around on the horns of the altar with his finger, and purified the altar, and poured out the blood at the base of the altar, and sanctified it, to make atonement for it.
(WEB JPS ASV DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 8:34 What has been done this day, so Yahweh has commanded to do, to make atonement for you.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 9:7 Moses said to Aaron, "Draw near to the altar, and offer your sin offering, and your burnt offering, and make atonement for yourself, and for the people; and offer the offering of the people, and make atonement for them; as Yahweh commanded."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 10:17 "Why haven't you eaten the sin offering in the place of the sanctuary, seeing it is most holy, and he has given it you to bear the iniquity of the congregation, to make atonement for them before Yahweh?
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 12:7 and he shall offer it before Yahweh, and make atonement for her; and she shall be cleansed from the fountain of her blood. "'This is the law for her who bears, whether a male or a female.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 12:8 If she cannot afford a lamb, then she shall take two turtledoves, or two young pigeons; the one for a burnt offering, and the other for a sin offering: and the priest shall make atonement for her, and she shall be clean.'"
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 14:18 The rest of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall put on the head of him who is to be cleansed, and the priest shall make atonement for him before Yahweh.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 14:19 "The priest shall offer the sin offering, and make atonement for him who is to be cleansed because of his uncleanness: and afterward he shall kill the burnt offering;
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 14:20 and the priest shall offer the burnt offering and the meal offering on the altar. The priest shall make atonement for him, and he shall be clean.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 14:21 "If he is poor, and can't afford so much, then he shall take one male lamb for a trespass offering to be waved, to make atonement for him, and one tenth of an ephah of fine flour mingled with oil for a meal offering, and a log of oil;
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 14:29 The rest of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall put on the head of him who is to be cleansed, to make atonement for him before Yahweh.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 14:31 even such as he is able to afford, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, with the meal offering. The priest shall make atonement for him who is to be cleansed before Yahweh."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 14:53 but he shall let the living bird go out of the city into the open field. So shall he make atonement for the house; and it shall be clean."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 15:15 and the priest shall offer them, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering. The priest shall make atonement for him before Yahweh for his discharge.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 15:30 The priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering; and the priest shall make atonement for her before Yahweh for the uncleanness of her discharge.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:2 and Yahweh said to Moses, "Tell Aaron your brother, not to come at all times into the Most Holy Place within the veil, before the mercy seat which is on the ark; lest he die: for I will appear in the cloud on the mercy seat.
(See NIV(
Leviticus 16:6 "Aaron shall offer the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make atonement for himself and for his house.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:10 But the goat, on which the lot fell for the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before Yahweh, to make atonement for him, to send him away for the scapegoat into the wilderness.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:11 "Aaron shall present the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and shall make atonement for himself and for his house, and shall kill the bull of the sin offering which is for himself.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:13 and he shall put the incense on the fire before Yahweh, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is on the testimony, so that he will not die.
(See NIV)
Leviticus 16:14 He shall take some of the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it with his finger on the mercy seat on the east; and before the mercy seat he shall sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times.
(See NIV)
Leviticus 16:15 "Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the veil, and do with his blood as he did with the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat:
(See NIV)
Leviticus 16:16 and he shall make atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions, even all their sins; and so he shall do for the Tent of Meeting, that dwells with them in the midst of their uncleanness.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:17 There shall be no one in the Tent of Meeting when he enters to make atonement in the Holy Place, until he comes out, and has made atonement for himself and for his household, and for all the assembly of Israel.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:18 "He shall go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and shall take some of the bull's blood, and some of the goat's blood, and put it around on the horns of the altar.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:20 And when he hath ended making atonement for the sanctuary, and the tent of meeting, and the altar, he shall present the living goat;
(DBY YLT NIV)
Leviticus 16:24 Then he shall bathe himself in water in a holy place, and put on his garments, and come out and offer his burnt offering and the burnt offering of the people, and make atonement for himself and for the people.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:27 The bull for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the Holy Place, shall be carried forth outside the camp; and they shall burn their skins, their flesh, and their dung with fire.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:30 for on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins you shall be clean before Yahweh.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:32 The priest, who is anointed and who is consecrated to be priest in his father's place, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen garments, even the holy garments.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:33 Then he shall make atonement for the Holy Sanctuary; and he shall make atonement for the Tent of Meeting and for the altar; and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 16:34 "This shall be an everlasting statute for you, to make atonement for the children of Israel once in the year because of all their sins." It was done as Yahweh commanded Moses.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 17:11 For the life of the flesh is in the blood; and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that makes atonement by reason of the life.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 19:22 The priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering before Yahweh for his sin which he has committed: and the sin which he has committed shall be forgiven him.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 23:27 "However on the tenth day of this seventh month is the day of atonement: it shall be a holy convocation to you, and you shall afflict yourselves; and you shall offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 23:28 You shall do no manner of work in that same day; for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement for you before Yahweh your God.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Leviticus 25:9 Then you shall sound the loud trumpet on the tenth day of the seventh month. On the Day of Atonement you shall sound the trumpet throughout all your land.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 5:8 But if the man has no kinsman to whom restitution may be made for the guilt, the restitution for guilt which is made to Yahweh shall be the priest's; besides the ram of the atonement, by which atonement shall be made for him.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 6:11 The priest shall offer one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, and make atonement for him, because he sinned by reason of the dead, and shall make his head holy that same day.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 7:89 When Moses went into the Tent of Meeting to speak with Yahweh, he heard his voice speaking to him from above the mercy seat that was on the ark of the Testimony, from between the two cherubim: and he spoke to him. Deuteronomy
(See NIV)
Numbers 8:7 And thus thou dost to them to cleanse them: sprinkle upon them waters of atonement, and they have caused a razor to pass over all their flesh, and have washed their garments, and cleansed themselves,
(YLT)
Numbers 8:12 "The Levites shall lay their hands on the heads of the bulls, and you shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering to Yahweh, to make atonement for the Levites.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 8:19 I have given the Levites as a gift to Aaron and to his sons from among the children of Israel, to do the service of the children of Israel in the Tent of Meeting, and to make atonement for the children of Israel; that there be no plague among the children of Israel, when the children of Israel come near to the sanctuary."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 8:21 The Levites purified themselves from sin, and they washed their clothes; and Aaron offered them for a wave offering before Yahweh; and Aaron made atonement for them to cleanse them.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 15:25 The priest shall make atonement for all the congregation of the children of Israel, and they shall be forgiven; for it was an error, and they have brought their offering, an offering made by fire to Yahweh, and their sin offering before Yahweh, for their error:
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 15:28 The priest shall make atonement for the soul who errs, when he sins unwittingly, before Yahweh, to make atonement for him; and he shall be forgiven.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 16:46 Moses said to Aaron, "Take your censer, and put fire from off the altar in it, and lay incense on it, and carry it quickly to the congregation, and make atonement for them; for wrath has gone out from Yahweh! The plague has begun."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 16:47 Aaron did as Moses said, and ran into the midst of the assembly; and behold, the plague has begun among the people: and he put on the incense, and made atonement for the people.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 25:13 and it shall be to him, and to his seed after him, the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was jealous for his God, and made atonement for the children of Israel.'"
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 28:22 and one male goat for a sin offering, to make atonement for you.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 28:30 one male goat, to make atonement for you.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 29:5 and one male goat for a sin offering, to make atonement for you;
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 29:11 one male goat for a sin offering; besides the sin offering of atonement, and the continual burnt offering, and the meal offering of it, and their drink offerings.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 31:50 We have brought Yahweh's offering, what every man has gotten, of jewels of gold, armlets, and bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make atonement for our souls before Yahweh."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Numbers 35:31 And ye take no atonement for the life of a murderer who 'is' condemned -- to die, for he is certainly put to death;
(YLT)
Numbers 35:32 and ye take no atonement for him to flee unto the city of his refuge, to turn back to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest.
(YLT)
Numbers 35:33 And ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are; for blood, it polluteth the land; and there can be no atonement made for the land, for the blood that hath been shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.
(DBY NIV)
Deuteronomy 21:8 receive atonement for Thy people Israel, whom Thou hast ransomed, O Jehovah, and suffer not innocent blood in the midst of Thy people Israel; and the blood hath been pardoned to them,
(YLT NIV)
Deuteronomy 32:43 Shout for joy, ye nations, with his people, For he avengeth the blood of his servants, And rendereth vengeance to his enemies, And maketh atonement for his land, for his people.
(DBY NIV)
2 Samuel 21:3 and David said to the Gibeonites, "What shall I do for you? And with what shall I make atonement, that you may bless the inheritance of Yahweh?"
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)
1 Chronicles 6:49 But Aaron and his sons offered on the altar of burnt offering, and on the altar of incense, for all the work of the most holy place, and to make atonement for Israel, according to all that Moses the servant of God had commanded.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
1 Chronicles 28:11 And David giveth to Solomon his son the pattern of the porch, and of its houses, and of its treasures, and of its upper chambers, and of its innermost chambers, and of the house of the atonement;
(YLT NIV)
2 Chronicles 29:24 and the priests killed them, and they made a sin offering with their blood on the altar, to make atonement for all Israel; for the king commanded that the burnt offering and the sin offering should be made for all Israel.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT RSV)
2 Chronicles 30:18 for a multitude of the people, many from Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar, and Zebulun, have not been cleansed, but have eaten the passover otherwise than it is written; but Hezekiah prayed for them, saying, 'Jehovah, who 'is' good, doth receive atonement for every one
(YLT)
Nehemiah 10:33 for the show bread, and for the continual meal offering, and for the continual burnt offering, for the Sabbaths, for the new moons, for the set feasts, and for the holy things, and for the sin offerings to make atonement for Israel, and for all the work of the house of our God.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Job 33:24 Then He doth favour him and saith, 'Ransom him from going down to the pit, I have found an atonement.'
(YLT)

Job 36:18 Lest He move thee with a stroke, And the abundance of an atonement turn thee not aside.